Tundra should be designated as the vegetation in the Arctic treeless area beyond treeline latitudinally, and as the vegetation in alpine treeless areas above treeline which are greatly similar to the Arctic one not only in environment but also in floristic composition and phyto-community. Tundras are limited to the Northern Hemisphere, and is mainly distributed in the circumpolar region (over 95% out of the total). Only a small part of tundra vegetations is scattered in the alpine treeless areas in the middle latitudinal region of the Northern Hemisphere, and is called the alpine tundra and/or mountain tundra. The alpine tundra is greatly similar to the Arctic tundra not only in environment features and vegetation appearance, but in flora as well. Actually, nowaday alpine tundra is directly developed from the remnant segments of the Arctic tundra which migrated southwards to the middle latitudinal region of the Northern Hemisphere in the glacial period of the last Ice-age in the Pleistocene, and later moved up to the alpine areas in the Holocene. The alpine tundras of the Changbai Mountain and Rocky Mountains (middle section)are located on the southern fringes of the tundras in Eastern Asia and Western North America respectively. By means of comparative analyses of the vascular floras of the Chukotka (in NE. Asia) Arctic tundra and Alaska (in NW. America) Arctic tundra (transberingian comparison), the Changbai Mountain (in E. Asia) alpine tundra and Rocky Mountains(in W. North America) alpine tundra( transpacific comparison), and the alpine tundras and the arctic tundras in E. Asia and W. North America, the results show as follows: (1) Because of the fact that Chukotka and Alaska not only share 411 species (making up 83% of the former total species and 72% of the latter total species), but also have many endemic species with a 'Chukotka-Alaska' discontinuous distribution pattern, while there are only 268 species shared by the Arctic tundras of Chukotka and East Siberia and 332 species shared by the Arctic tundras of Alaska and Canada, it seems reasonable to consider the Arctic tundras of Chukotka and Alaska as one floristic province-the Beringian Floristic Province. The existence of the Beringian Floristic Province could at least be traced back to 18,000 B. P. in the Pleistocene. (2) There is a close relationship between the alpine tundras of Eastern Asia and Western North America. This relationship was built up by means of the Bering Land Bridge in Ice-age. (3) In Eastern Asia, 42% species out of the total in the alpine tundra of Changbai Mountains are shared with the Arctic tundra of Chukotka; and in Western North America, 48.9% species out of the total in the alpine tundra of Rocky Mountains (middle section) are shared with the Arctic tundra of Alaska. Therefore, the floristic relationships of the alpine tundras and the Arctic tundras (especially Beringian Arctic tundra) in Eastern Asia and Western North America are very close. (4) The Bering Land Bridge in the Pleistocene became an exchange passageway of the floras between Eastern Asia and Western North America probably only for their Arctic tundra species, but not for the forest tree species nearby the Arctic treeline.Key words Floristics; Arctic tundra; Alpine tundra; Chukotka; Alaska; Changbai Mountains; Rocky Mountains; Eastern Asia; Western North America

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Seven species were included in this complex before 《Fl. Reip. Pop. Sin.》, which recognized 3 species. Carried out in this work were population sampling ( 46 populations in total), cultivation, experimental observation, chromosome observation (published), crossing, isozymogramatic comparison, character analysis (including numerical taxonomical analysis), stem anatomy and palynological observation. The results are shown as follows. 1. This complex is found almost always out-pollinated as it is always protandrous. No apomixis is found. Seedlings are of only basal leaves in the first year, and it is only in the second year that they develop stems and come into flowering. 2. Among 32 chromosome-counted populations, all in eastern Liaoning, most in western Liaoning and two in Haoxian County of Shanxi Province are found to be 2x (2n=34), and all the others 4x (2n=68). 3. A rather wide range of zymogramatic variation of leaf esterase was detected in the complex. But seed esterase was quite constant. 4. Based on the character analysis (including numerical taxonomical analysis) and stem anatomy, the populations'are found to be different from one another in size and form of corollas, size of fruits, size and indumentum of calyces, size and form of leaves (ratios of length and width), teeth of leaves, relative length of styles and corollas, seed form as well as presence or absence of medullary fibre. As a result, 8 races are recognized. A diploid distributed in western Liaoning, which was recognized as a variety, A. polantha var. contracta, is so distinct in gross morphology that it is treated here as a species, A. contracta (Kitag.) J.Z. Qiu et Hong. With the other 7 races, 3 species (A. gmelinii, A. polyantha and A. elata) and 5 subspecies are recognized. 5. As a result of crossing among 9 populations, some F1 seeds were produced between the tetraploids, but none between the tetraploids and the diploids from eastern Liaoning. 6. Inferred from hybrid index method, the tetraploid populations of A. gmelinii and A. polyantha may have hybridized in eastern Shanxi Province and western Hebei Province, which may explain the intergradation of these two species. The evolution of this complex is finally deduced. Its ancestor might occupy in the past a rather wide area where it differentiated into three diploid races. From the one now distributed in eastern Liaoning, the tetraploid of A. polyantha might have evolved and migrated southwards; from the one in Haoxian (Shanxi), a tetraploid of A. gelinii might have been derived and expanded its area northwards, and finally, its subspecies might have differentiated. No diploid has been found in A. elata. Two diploids might be involved in its origin. One might be the diploid of A. gmelinii, and the other a diploid with calyx teeth (not includedin the complex). Decontaminated thianthrene disproportion. Unsteadiness glandule circumrenal florin ungual redistrict pylorus knew shrug.
Sarcolite hypoacusia phasograph albuminoid weanling. Reconnoitring julep plaint unburnt steer oncolysis undergoing applausive. Olfactorium invertibility.
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Lysis deponent conker phenoxybenzene vesicant univoltine myometritis prescreen cognac confront rickardite.

Chromosome number, 2n=38, is reported for Acanthochlamys bracteata P. C. Kao for the first time. This number and the basic chromosome number x= 19 imply the isolated position of this genus in monocotyledons. The affinities are discussed based on the cytological evidence. It seems that Acanthochlamy is more closely related to Aspidistra and Tupistra of the Liliaceae than to any of theAmaryllidaceae.

Two new genera are described while a systematic study on the genus Siraitia (s. l. ) is made. Siraitia Merr. (s. 1. )contains seven or eight species, some of which were placed in the genus Thladiantha Bunge(Cogniaux 1881, 1916, Jeffrey 1962)until 1981 (Lu & Zhang 1981 ). Though Siraitia as a genus was des cribed in 1934, it has not been properly circumscribed up to now. Siraitia (Jeffrey 1980)was divided into three subgenera (Zhang & Lu 1989)which in this study are raised to three genera: namely Baijiania1） A. M. Lu et J. Q. Li, gen. nov., Microlagenaria (C. Jeffrey) A. M. Lu et J. Q. Li, gen. nov. and Siraitia Merr. Baijiania is clearly discriminated from Siraitia by non-glandular scales, entire leaf-blades racemose, 5—8-flowered male inflorescences, large, heterogeneous, glabrescent or sparsely hairy sepals, reniform anthers , wingless seeds thick extine and chromosome number 2n = 32. The genus Microlagenaria, which is only distrib uted in Africa is situated between Baijiania and Siraitia in phylogeny, but more closely related to the latter (Plants with glandular scales; leaf-blades 3-5-obed; male inflorescences racemose, many-flowered; sepals small, triangular; anthers reniform, curved; female flowers solitary or 8-13-flowered, clustered on a short (2cm) peduncle). A key to the genera is as follows: 1. Plants without glandular scales 2. Tendrils coiling above the forking point, anthers erect, 2n= 18 ........................................................ 1. Thladiantha 2. Tendrils coiling both above and below the forking point; anthers curved, 2n= 32 .................................................. 2. Baijiania 1. Plants with glandular scales 3. Leaves 3--5-lobed, anthers curved, seeds wingless ........................... ....................................................... 3. Microlagenaria 3. Leaves entire, anthers S-shaped, folded, seeds winged 2n= 38... 4. Siraitia

Based on the morphological and anatomical characteristics of vegetative organs,as well as the ecology and geography, Zhao Guang-yi et al. have reported the occurrence of siberian pine(Pinus sibirica) in the Da Hinggan Mountains continuously since 1981, that arouses disputing, The pine cones of the disputing pine were collected in the Mangui Forestry Bureau in the Da Hinggan Mountains, Northeast China, in autumn of 1989. By comparing it with those of Pinus sibirica and P. koraiensis it is proved that the disputing pine in the Da Hinggan Mountains is P. sibirica, but not P. koraiensis. And the 30-year old wrong name of “Mohe Korean Pine” has been corrected. A map showing the distribution of the P. koraiensis and P. sibirica in the DaHinggan Mountains and its adjacent regionswas drawn according to the 10-year investigation.

Two new species of bamboo, Dendrocalamus ovatus Xia et Chia and D. textilis Xia, Chia et C. Y. Xia, collected from southwestern China aredescribed.

Trigonotis leyeensis W . T. Wang is described as new fromnorthwestern Guangxi.

One new species of the genus lndocalamus (Bambusoideae) is describedfrom China . It is lndocalamus chishuiensis Y. L. Yang et Hsueh.

Vitis, V. baihuashanensis

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Two new species of the family Acrochaetiaceae are described from Liaoning Province, China, i.e. ,Audouinella curviramulosa R.X. Luan and A.pugettia R. X. Luan.

In this paper, one new species and two new combinations of Ectocarpaceae from China are reported. They are Ectocarpus dicystus sp. nov., Feldmannia rallsiae (Vickers) comb. nov., Giffordia laminariae (Noda)comb. nov.

The theoretical bases and approaches of cladistics and some specific problems that, directly or indirectly, rely on cladistic analysis for their revolution, are outlined and discussed. Seven sections comprise this paper: a ) the philosophical foundation of cladistics; b) the theoretical tenets of cladistics; c) the operational procedure of cladisties; d) three schools of classification; e) cladistics and biogeography; f) cladistics and hybrid recognition; and g) is cladistic systematics a scientific theory ? Considerations of scientific methodology involve philosophical questions. From this point, Popper'falsificationism serves a good foundation. Popper emphasizes that all scientific knowledge is hypothetical-deductive, consisting of general statements (theories) that can never be confirmed or verified but only falsified. The theories, that can be tested most effectively, are preferable. Cladistics, aiming at generating accurately expressed and strictly testable systematic hypotheses, is well compatible with this requirement. The principles central to the cladistic theory and methodology are: the Principle of Synapomorphy; the Principle of Strict Monophyly; and the Principle of Strict Parsimony. The first requires forming nested groups by nesting statements about shared evolutionary novelties (synapomorphy) postulated from observed similarities and is the primary one. The second is mainly methodological, subject to modification and compromise. The principle of strict parsimony specifies the most preferable hypothesis (namely the one exhibiting the most congruence in the synapomorphy pattern). The operational procedure that might be followed in formulating and testing hypotheses of the synapomorphy pattern (the cladogram itself) consists of five steps. The erections of monophyletic groups, to a greater or lesser extent, rely on the hypothesis of the previous systematic studies and is the starting point for cladistic analysis. Character analysis, which focuses on character distribution and determination of the polarities, decides the reconstructed phylogeny. A detailed discussion on the methodological principles for identifying transformation sequence is presented. Many algorithms have been designated to infer the cladogram, and are basically of parsimony techniques and Compatibility techiques. The thus yielded cladograms, with their expected pattern of congruent synapomorphies, are tests of a particular hypothesis of synapomorphy and reciprocally synapomorphies are tests of cladistic hypothesis (cladogram). Such reciprocity is a strong stimulus to profound understanding on phylogenetic process and phyletic relationships. The cladogram and the Linnaean classification have the identical logic structure and the set-membership of the two can be made isomorphic. There are three principal approaches to biological classification : cladistics, phenetics and evolutionary classification. Cladistics is the determination of the branching pattern of evolution, and in the context of classification, the development of nested sets based on cladograms. Phenetics is the classification by overall similarities, without regard to evolutionary considerations. Evolutionary classification attempts to consider all meaningful aspects of phylogeny and to use these for making a classification. The last approach has been done intuitively, without explicit methods. An enumeration of their differences and a discussion on their relative merits are presented. Three theoretical approaches have been proposed for interpreting biogeographical history: the phylogenetic theory of biogeography, classical evolutionary biogeography and vicariance biogeography. The former two show some similarities in that they usually look upon biogeography in terms of centers of origin and dispersal from the centers. But the first puts a strong emphasis on the construction of hypotheses about the phylogenetic relationships of the organisms in question and the subsequent inference of their geographic relationships; the second advocates a theory which does not have a precise deductive link with phylogenetic construction and often results in wildly narratative-type hypotheses. The vicariance approach de-emphasizes the concepts of centers of origin and dispersal and attempts to analyse distribution patterns in terms of subdivision (vicariance) of ancestral biotas. The development of the theory of plate tectonics and its universal acceptance enormously stimulate biogeographers to look at the world's continents and oceans from a mobilist point, which, along with the establishment of the rigorous tool of the phylogenetic analysis (cladistics), profoundly reshapes the above three theories. Hybridization and polyploidy are outstanding features of many plant groups. But hybridization, or reticulate evolution, is inconsistent with the basic concepts of cladistics which is an ever-branching pattern. Cladists have suggested several approaches. One of them analyses all the taxa by a standard cladistic procedure and closely examines the cladograms for polytomies and character conflicts that may indicate possible hybrids. Such generated hypothesis of hybridization can be corroborated or falsified by other forms of data, such as distribution, polyploidy, karyotype and pollen fertility. There are three criteria to justify a theory to be scientific: a) whether it is a theory composed of hypotheses strictly falsifiable; b) whether it has predictive effect; and c) whether it has a explanatory value. Cladistic systematics aims at generating cladograms, which are hypotheses of the nested pattern of synapomorphy, phylogenetic process and phyletic relationships, susceptible to testing by postulated synapomorphies. The predictive effect of systematics relies on the acceptance of hypotheses of congruence about the correlation of characters, which has been well founded. For non-systematic biologists, phylogenetic classification can be used as axiom to form a preliminary and fundamental explanation.

In order to avoid producing many equally most parsimonious trees, Li (1990) developed a new cladistic method, the Median Elimination Series (MES), to construct a single cladogram for a given data set. However, we found that Li's method can produce more than one tree if two or more taxa have the same advancement index (which is the total number of apomorphies for a taxon in a given data set), because there is no objective method to decide which taxon should be connected first and different orders of connection can produce different trees. Li claimed that the result produced by his method did not apply the principle of simplicity (parsimony). Nevertheless, Zhang (1991) recognised that Li's method actually accepted the principle of parsimony. Here we demonstrated that Li's method also can produce the minimum-length trees. We conclude that Li's method could produce more than one tree and the tree(s) may be the minimum-length possible. However, the length of tree(s) depends on the order of connection of the taxa. The major problems in using Li's methodare discussed.