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Journal of Systematics and Evolution

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  • 收稿日期:2024-12-29 接受日期:2025-07-10

An updated plastome phylogeny and molecular dating of Apocynaceae, with an emphasis on histories of biogeography and diversification in tropical and subtropical Asia

Xin Yao1,2, Zhi-Rong Zhang3, Jun-Bo Yang3, Richard T. Corlett1,2, De-Zhu Li3*, Wen-Bin Yu1,2,4*   

  1. 1. Center for Integrative Conservation & Yunnan Key Laboratory for the Conservation of Tropical Rainforests and Asian Elephants, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Mengla 666303, China
    2. Yunnan International Joint Laboratory for the Conservation and Utilization of Tropical Timber Tree Species, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mengla 666303, China
    3. Germplasm Bank of Wild Species, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China
    4. Southeast Asia Biodiversity Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yezin, Nay Pyi Taw 05282, Myanmar

    *Authors for correspondence. De-Zhu Li. E-mail: dzl@mail.kib.ac.cn; Wen-Bin Yu. E-mail: yuwenbin@xtbg.ac.cn
  • Received:2024-12-29 Accepted:2025-07-10
  • Supported by:
    This study was supported by grants from the 14th Five-Year Plan of the Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences (XTBG-1450101), the Science and Technology Basic Resources Investigation Program of China (2021FY100200), the Key R & D program of Yunnan Province, China (202103AC100003), the Key Basic Research Program of Yunnan Province, China (202101BC070003), and the National Wild Plant Germplasm Resource Center.

Abstract: Investigating the evolutionary history and species diversification patterns in hyperdiverse lineages is essential for understanding how species diversity accumulates and how floras assemble historically across diverse regions. A large angiosperm family Apocynaceae exhibits remarkable diversity in functional traits including growth form, fruit types, and pollen aggregation, which may have a substantial impact on species diversification rates. However, the lack of a robust and well-dated phylogeny has hindered our understanding of Apocynaceae diversification. To address this gap, we reconstructed a robust phylogeny covering 22 of 25 tribes using plastome sequences, then employed this framework to estimate divergence times, analyze diversification patterns, and investigate associations between species diversification and functional traits. The plastome phylogenies received strong nodal support across most branches. Among higher taxonomic groupings, three clades (Asclepiadoideae, Secamonoideae, and Periplocoideae) were monophyletic. At tribal levels, 19 tribes were strongly supported as monophyletic except Melodineae, Willughbeieae, and Vinceae. Additionally, five genera (Vincetoxicum, Cynanchum, Hoya, Marsdenia, and Aganosma) were identified as non-monophyletic. Our analyses revealed that Apocynaceae originated in the paleotropics during the middle Late Cretaceous. Integrating BiSSE, HiSSE, and FiSSE analyses, we found that species with pollinia had a higher speciation rate than those without. Dry-fruited species had a higher speciation rate than those with fleshy fruits. Furthermore, BAMM analyses detected a diversification rate increase coinciding with evolution of pollinia with clip-type attachment mechanisms. Herbs had the highest speciation rate, followed by climbers and self-supporting species. Our findings contribute to understanding the historical assembly of floras in tropical and subtropical Asia.

Key words: Apocynaceae, biogeography, plastid phylogenomics, pollinia, Southeast Asia, species diversification

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