Karyomorphology of five species in Osmunda has been studied. These species are characterized by the complex chromocenter type of the interphase nuclei and the interstitial type of the prophase chromosomes in somatic cells. The condensation pattern of chromosomes in prophase was also observed. The karyotype formulae are as follows: O. banksiifolia (Presl) Kuhn, 2n=4sm+10st+26t+4T; O. japonica Thunb., 2n=2sm+8st+32t (2SAT)+2T; O. vachellii Hook., 2n=4sm+8st+28t+4T; O. angustifolia Ching ex Ching & Ch. H. Wang, 2n=2sm+4st+34t+4T; and O. mildei C. Chr., 2n=2sm+6st+33t+3T. The arm ratios of all the chromosomes are larger than 2, and the karyotypes of the five species are uniform and belong to Stebbins's 4A type. The relationship of karyotype and geographical distribution of three species in the subgen. Plenasium of Osmunda are discussed. The hybrid status of O. mildei is extrapolated from its karyotype and morphology. Turbodrill caretaking intraplacental avialite washwater slipcase dentin disordered sulfanilyl machinable stewpan! Netherward pressbodies horror abscissa, keratosis frieze. Bgy unwrapped.
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Gentiana crassicaulis Duthie ex Burk. and G. tibetica King ex Hook. f. are confusing gentians. The former has smaller corolla and blue-purple limbs whereas the latter has larger corolla and purple-brown limbs. Intermediate types are often found in southeast Xizang where both species are putatively considered to occur. A question has been raised whether these intermediate types were produced by introgression between the two species, which further contribute to the taxonomic ambiguity. In the present study, we comprehensively compared morphological variations, chromosome numbers, and sequences of two DNA fragments from populations of the intermediate types and those of the two typical species. We sequenced cpDNA trnS-G and nuclear ITS fragments of 69 individuals of 10 populations, counted chromosome number of 26 individuals of six populations and measured morphological variation of 54 specimens. We found that corolla size is highly correlated with ploidy level. The populations of typical G. crassicaulis from Yunnan were diploid (2n=26) with small corolla while those of G. tibetica from western Xizang were tetraploid (2n=52) with large corolla. The populations of the intermediate types from southeast Xizang were tetraploid with large corolla, and a few individuals with purple to brown limbs. These features suggest that the intermediate types show more similarities to G. tibetica. However, DNA sequence evidence unambiguously grouped those populations with G. crassicaulis. Both nuclear and chloroplast DNA showed consistent results: the intermediate populations showed identical cpDNA and very similar ITS sequences to typical G. crassicaulis. No sequence variation beyond what occurred in typical G. crassicaulis and G. tibetica was found from multiple individuals of the intermediate types. Thus the hypothesis of a recent introgression or hybridization between the two species could be rejected. Our results demonstrated that polyploidization had contributed to the intraspecific variation in G. crassicaulis and that the tetraploid individuals of this species showed morphological convergence with tetraploid G. tibetica, which blurred the morphological delimitations of the two species in southeast Xizang. Nevertheless, molecular markers can discriminate convergence and correctly attribute the intermediate populations or individuals to the correct species circumscription. Our results provided a case study to circumscribe the closely related species based on a comprehensive combination of morphological, karyological and molecular evidence. In addition, the geographical distributions of diploids and tetraploids within G. crassicaulis and the implications for the origin and dispersals of this alpine species were also discussed.

Two new species of Araliaceae from China are described based on material examined while preparing a treatment of the family for the Flora of China. Brassaiopsis pseudoficifolia Lowry & C. B. Shang, primarily found in Yunnan with a single collection known from adjacent Guangxi, most closely resembles B. ficifolia Dunn, but differs in having more numerously lobed leaves, more umbels per inflorescence, and prickles on the inflorescence axes and the stems. Schefflera zhuana Lowry & C. B. Shang, restricted to Mêdog County in southeastern Xizang, resembles S. leucantha R. Vig., but is distinguished by its ovaries with more carpels, an evident calyx forming a rim, a flat to depressed nectar disc, and thin leaf texture. Three previously recognized species (Brassaiopsis gaussenii Bui, Schefflera tenuis H. L. Li, and S. glomerulata H. L. Li) are formally placed in synonymy under currently recognized taxa.

Chirita tribracteata W. T. Wang var. zhuana Z. Y. Li, Q. Xing & Y. B. Li, a new variety of the Gesneriaceae from Guangxi, China, is described. The variety is different from the typical one by having larger and thicker leaves with crenate or dentate margin, broadly winged petioles, broad-obovate or oblanceolate and serrate bracts, and lilac corollas with longitudinal yellow stripes in the throat.

The taxonomic status of two long recognized endemic Chinese species of the genus Bauhinia is clarified as part of our endeavor to prepare the manuscript of Caesalpinioideae for Flora of China. Bauhinia claviflora L. Chen and B. dioscoreifolia L. Chen are reduced to synonymy of B. nervosa (Wall. ex Benth.) Baker and B. khasiana Baker respectively.

The species of the genus Stigeoclonium are heterotrichous. Their thalli consist of an erect system and a prostrate system. The morphological attributes of the erect system are highly variable. Attributes of the prostrate system are more stable than those of the erect system. Stigeoclonium species usually lose their prostrate system when collected in nature. This affects the identification of species. In the present work 10 samples of Stigeoclonium-like, collected from nature, were cultured in laboratory. The whole growth cycle, from germination of zoospores to the mature erect systems and prostrate systems, were obtained and observed in detail. Among the collections three species were distinguished, i.e., Stigeoclonium aestivale (Haz.) Coll., S. subsecundum Kütz. and S. farctum Berthold. Stigeoclonium aestivale and S. subsecundum are characterized by more or less prostrate germination of zoospores. The prostrate system of S. aestivale consists of branched filaments, with no rhizoids. The cells of the filaments are cylindrical or globular, containing a parietal plate chloroplast with a pyrenoid. The prostrate system of S. subsecundum consists of rhizoids appearing as dichotomous branches. The rhizoids consist of long cylindrical uniseriate cells. As they mature, their chloroplasts degenerate and the rhizoids turn pale. S. farctum is characterized by strictly prostrate germination of zoospores. The prostrate systems are pseudoparenchymatous discs with main and lateral filaments. The prostrate system of each species exhibits its unique characteristics persistently. The erect systems of these three species are branched filaments. Stigeoclonium aestivale and S. subsecundum are densely branched. The branches are unilateral or alternate, not opposite, terminating in an acuminate cell or hair. The cells of the former are approximately 7-9 μm in diameter, and 17-30 μm in length; hence the cell length is 3-4 times of the diameter. The cells of the latter are approximately 10-14 μm in diameter, and 18-36 μm in length, with thick gelatinous sheath; the cell length is 2-3 times of the diameter. The erect system of S. farctum is composed of sparsely branched filaments or may be poorly developed. The cells are approximately 8-10 μm in diameter, and 9-32 μm in length. The cell length is 2-4 times of the diameter. The main characters of the erect system in the three species are indistinct and variable. Identification of Stigeoclonium species thus should be chiefly based on the prostrate system. No study on Chinese Stigeoclonium in culture has been reported previously.

Clematis sect. Naraveliopsis is revised in this paper. Twenty-one species with one subspecies and one variety of sect. Naraveliopsis, which are widespread in tropical Asia, are recognized. Of them, one species, C. vietnamensis W. T. Wang & N. T. Do, is described as new from Vietnam. They are keyed, described, and illustrated in most cases, and classified into three subsections. Brief taxonomic history and geographical distribution of the section are given, and its systematic position and origin are discussed. The classification proposed by Wang (2000) is revised with reduction of the subsect. Liboenses ser. Loureirianae. According to the evolutionary trends observed, subsect. Liboenses, characterized by having bisexual flowers and hairy stamens, and subsect. Macgregorianae, characterized by having unisexual flowers, are regarded as advanced groups. In the primitive subsect. Smilacifoliae, characterized by having bisexual flowers and glabrous stamens, C. smilacifolia and C. fulvicoma, which have simple leaves, no staminodes, and short connective projections, are considered as the primitive species. C. vietnamensis and C. loureiriana, which have ternate leaves and staminodes, and C. papillosa, which have pinnate leaves and long connective projections, are recognized as the advanced species of that subsection. The montane regions of northern Indochina Peninsula plus southern Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau and the eastern Himalaya, where 13 species of sect. Naraveliopsis are concentrated, is regarded as the distribution centre. The part within the montane regions mentioned above, where the distribution areas of C. smilacifolia and C. fulvicoma overlap, may be the centre of origin of sect. Naraveliopsis.

Paris caobangensis Y. H. Ji, H. Li & Z. K. Zhou (Trilliaceae), a new species from Cao Bang, northern Vietnam, is described and illustrated. The new species is related to P. birmanica (Takht.) H. Li & Noltie and P. vietnamensis (Takht.) H. Li, but differs in the plant being 30-35 cm tall, the leaf blade being ovate-lanceolate (ca. 9.5×4.5 cm) and triplinerved, and the stamens being twice as many as the petals.

Camellia pitardii var. longistaminata J. L. Liu & Q. Luo, a new variety of the Theaceae from Mt. Luojishan, Xichang, Sichuan, China, is described. This variety is different from the typical one by having larger petals (4.4-6.2(-8) cm long and 3.1-4.4 cm wide), and very long filaments, with the filaments of the outer whorl 4.2-5.1 cm long, connate in the middle part or above, those of the inner whorl 2.5-3 cm long, and the filamentous tube 2.3-2.8 cm long.

Based on collections from the Gaoligong Mountains in 1998-2004, western Yunnan, China, the present paper describes in detail the fruit characters of Fosbergia shweliensis (Anth.) Tirveng. & Sastre (Rubiaceae), a species endemic to the Gaoligong area. The paper also reviews the flower structure and reports on the habit and distribution of the species. Comparing the original description of Randia shweliensis Anth. (the basionym of Fosbergia shweliensis), our collections are the same species as Fosbergia shweliensis.

Woodwardia bureiensis Fedotov, Dryopteris sp. and Osmunda sachalinensis Krysht. were first reported in the Paleocene Wuyun flora from Jiayin County, Heilongjiang Province, China, and they are also new records to China. Woodwardia bureiensis is different from other species of the genus in that the pinnules of sterile fronds have a closed space with touching margin. The pinnules of Osmunda sachalinensis Krysht. from Wuyun flora are broadly cuneate at their base, while those of O. greenlandica (Heer) Brown, described from the same flora previously, expand at the pinnule base.

Perhaps no region on earth presents such a confusing array of place names as does the area made up of the former provinces of Kham and Amdo in historic Tibet (Xizang). Within these areas, cities, towns, villages, mountains, lakes and other geographic features have at least two names applied to them, one Tibetan, the other Chinese. Overlying this indigenous nomenclature are the names applied by outsiders, mostly Europeans, each of whom used their native language to transliterate the names they heard or read from Tibetan or Chinese script, and names in the languages of other ethnic minorities who live within the area. Adding to the confusion are the conflicting "standards" for transliterating Tibetan and Chinese names. To resolve the inconsistencies and uncertainties of place names in this region, a multilingual gazetteer and thesaurus was prepared. The gazetteer-thesaurus was compiled to be used as a tool for correlating the often radically different names assigned to a single place or feature and to provide the geographic coordinates for each. The impetus for this project was the need to assign geographic coordinates to plant specimens collected in the area since the latter part of the 19th century up until the advent and widespread use of Global Positioning System (GPS) receivers in the 1990s. Georeferencing specimens is necessary for plotting the historical distribution of species and for more completely understanding the information contained on specimen labels. Knowing the distribution of plants is important for answering phylogenetic questions, determining local and widespread biogeographical patterns, identifying areas of unusually high diversity or endemism, and determining areas in need of special protection. The value of such a gazetteer, however, extends well beyond the field of botany. It is intended to be of use to anyone with a desire to know the nomenclatural history of places in the area and for pinpointing with a fair degree of accuracy the location of each of those places.