Abstract: In the present paper, a new sect. Leptothece W. T. Wang & Bing Liu wih its only new species, Anemone xiaowutaishanica W. T. Wang & Bing Liu, of the genus Anemone is described and illustrated. In having vertical rhizome, rosulate leaves, 1-flowered cyme, sessile involucre bracts, linear stamen filaments, tricolpate pollen grains with spinulose tectum, and subulate styles, sect. Leptothece is related to sect. Himalayicae (Ulbr.) Juz. From the latter it differs in its 3-parted or 3-sect involucre bracts, 3 carpels per flower, and strongly bilaterally compressed ovary, and with these advanced characters it is remarkably more advanced than sect. Himalayicae, and might be derived from the latter. Anemone xiaowutaishanica with its small distribution area restricted to a valley in the Mt. Xiaowutai, Hebei Province, China is obviously a stenochoric species, and on the basis of its advanced morphological characters it may be regarded as a neoendemic.

Key words: Anemone, Mt. Xiaowutai, China, Mt. Xiaowutai, new section, new species, Ranunculaceae