Three genera (Zosima Hoffm., Lithosciadium Turcz., and Lomatocarpa Pimenov) were shown for the first time for the Chinese flora on the basis of collections kept in Ürümqi [ Institute of Biology, Pedology and Desert Investigations (XJBI), CAS]. In the same herbarium, some additional floristic novelties were found: two genera ( Pleurospermum s. str. and Kadenia ) and six species new for Xinjiang. A new species, Dimorphosciadium shenii Pimenov et Kljujkov has been described, being a Xinjiang endemic. Some corrections in taxonomy and nomenclature for local species of Ferula, Seseli, Aphanopleura, Aegopodium, and Sium have been proposed. In total, 126species and 53 genera of the Umbelliferae are registered for Xinjiang.

Preliminary cladistic analyses of the genus Burmannia were performed using different outgroups. Although results from different analyses were inconsistent in some aspects, some clades were found in both analyses, suggesting the specific relationships among species in these clades are well-solved. Of the two sections recognized by Jonker, sect. Foliosa is probably a monophyletic group, while sect. Burmannia is not. If the loss of chlorophyll is considered to be an irreversibleprocess, holo-mycoheterotrophism has very likely emerged only once in the tribe Burmannieae.

Spores of 61 species and 6 varieties in 9 genera of the Sinopteridaceae were examined under scanning electron microscope (SEM). Based on surface ornamentation and other features, the spores of the Sinopteridaceae are divided into three types. In type Ⅰ , the exospore is smooth and the surface ornamentation, which is reticulate, cristate, echinate or rugate, is formed by the perispore. All the other genera of this family, except for Onychium and Cryptogramma, have this pattern of spores. In type Ⅱ, the surface ornamentation is formed by both perispore and exospore. This pattern is found only in Cryptogramma. In type Ⅲ, the perispore is thin and the surface ornamentation is formed by the exospore. Onychium is characterized by this type of spores. Those genera with spores of type Ⅰ of the Sinopteridaceae seem to be closely related to each other and should be natural members of this family. The systematic position of Cryptogramma and Onychium, with spores of type Ⅱ and type Ⅲ respectively, however, should be reconsidered. Aleuritopteris might be the mostprimitive member of the Sinopteridaceae from the evidence of spore morph

Pollen morphology of 103 species belonging to twenty-three subsections of seven sections of Rubus L. was examined with SEM. The pollen grains are usually 3-colporate, spheroidal, subspheroidal, prolate and perprolate, though occasionally rhombic and hexagonal, 16.0~38.0 μm × 12.0~30.0 μum in size. The exine ornamentation can be divided into rugulate, striate, cerebroid and perforate-reticulate types, which include 11 subtypes: rugulate-subpsilate, rugulate-striate, rugulate-perforate, striate, striate-perforate, striate-reticulate, cerebroid, cerebroid-perforate, perforate, perforate-reticulate and reticulate. The pollen morphology is of some significance for a better classification of the genus Rubus, but seems to be of little help for a better understanding of thephylogeny of the genus.

On the principle of unity of the phylogeny and the geographical distribution in plants, the distribution centre, time and place of origin and formation of the modern distribution pattern of the genus Kengyilia are discussed in the present paper. Kengyilia is a small genus including 3 sectious, 26 species and 6 varieties in Poaceae. The genus is distributed in China, Kazakhstan, Kirghizia, Tadzhikistan, Afghanistan and Iran. It adapts to the temperate habitats, and also exists in the environments of high elevation. According to Takhtajan' s (1978) regionalization of the world flora, Kengyilia is distributed in the Eastern Asiatic Region and the Irano-Turanian Region of the Holarctic Kingdom. Six species occur in the Eastern Asiatic Region where endemic species are absent. In the Irano-Turanian Region there exist 26 species and 6 varieties, 26 of which are endemic taxa, and in this region the highest concentration of the taxa occurs in Tibet Province, with 19 species and 6 varieties. In China, according to Wu' s(1979) regionalization of the Chinese flora, Kengyilia is found in 4 regions. Among them the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau subkingdom is the most abundant for species and varieties. The area totally has 16 species and 6 varieties, taking up 68% of the total taxa of Kengyilia and 75% of all taxa of Chinese Kengyilia, and these taxa include the primitive to the most advanced ones in the genus. These facts indicate that the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau is the distribution center of Kengyilia. The primitive section in Kengyilia is sect. Kengyilia, consisting of 9 species. It is highly centred in the Tianshan area where 5 species occur, of which K. zhaosuensis is the most primitive species in the genus. The relatively primitive section of the genus is sect. Stenachyra L. B. Cai which contains 10 species and 3 varieties. Two of its species also grow in Tianshan area. In Tianshan area, on the contrary, there is not the sect. Hyalolepis (Nevski) L. B. Cai which is considered as the most advanced section in the genus. Based on our study and relevant references, the closely related group of Kengyilia is the genus Roegneria C. Koch. Some species of Roegneria is not only distributed in Tianshan area, but also their habitats in the area agree with that of primitive species of Kengyilia. Moreover, since Tianshan Mountains were raised once more in the Neogene, the area had possessed the natural conditions to produce and multiply Kengyilia plants. Hence, this area is likely to be the origin place of Kengyilia. Before the Mesozoic, the ocean and land in Tianshan area changed greatly. Being a xerophytic genus, Kengyilia could not live in the environment of waters. From the Mesozoic to the end of the early Tertiary of Cenozoic, the crustal movement in Tianshan area was tending toward tranquility. Owing to the denudation, the original high mountains were leveled forming the primary plain. The landforms and environment in Tianshan area resembled those of its adjacent areas. Consequently, it was still unlikely to cause the birth of Kengyilia. Only in the Neogene of Cenozoic and even in the early period of the Quaternary, the primary plain in Tianshan area began to rise rapidly. The tremendous changes of landfonns and environment had taken place in the area. In the course of adapting to this change, the ancestor of Kengyilia produced probably the plant of the genus during this time. Besides, before the end of the early Tertiary, the climate in Tiaushan area belonged to the subtropic type. The damp and hot climate was unfavourable to the birth of Kengyila which possesses the temperate characteristics; while only from the end of the early Tertiary, up to the end of the Neogene, the climate in the area was gradually getting into aridity and coolness, suitable for the existence and multiplication of Kengyilia plants. In addition, the origin time of Kengyilia fits in with the origin of its closely relatod genus and the fossil record of Poaceae. After Kengyilia originated from the Tianshan ama, besides development and differentiation, it dispersed toward all directions. Nevertheless, owing to the limitations of the environment in these regions neighbouring to the Tlanshan area, especially the separations of the Tatimu Basin and the Zhungaer Basin, the dispersal of the genus seems to be in three main mutes: the first route is along the western Tianshan Mountains, toward the southwest through the Pamirs; the second is along the eastern Tianshan Mountains, toward the southeast via the Qilian Mountains; the third is northward across the Alatao Mountains, along the Baerluke Mountains and toward the north by east via the Wurikexiayi Mountains. Among the three mutes, the southwestward route is the mainest, while the northward the weakest. Kengyilia plant entered the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau from two sides of east and west by the southwestward and the southeastwant mutes. In the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau, it fully developed and differentiated, producing the most advanced sect.Hyaloepis (Nevski) L. B. Cai of the genus with the lifting of the plateau. Decontaminated thianthrene disproportion. Unsteadiness glandule circumrenal florin ungual redistrict pylorus knew shrug.
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To explore its floristic compositional characteristics, and the ecological significance of the vertical gradient pattern of the Dalaoling Mountain flora in the Three Gorges region, China, this flora was investigated along a vertical vegetation transect. The structural characteristics of the flora and the altitudinal distribution pattern of its floristic components were analyzed, the floristic equilibrium point (FEP) was detected, and the effects of the mountain climate on the vertical variation of floristic composition were studied using clustering method. The results are summarized as follows: 1) The flora of Dalaoling Mountain is of a temperate nature in floristic composition, with a high en demism in Eastern-Asian and Chinese elements, but exhibits some historical connections with tropi cal flora. 2) The areal-types of the genera are tropical, temperate, Mediterranean to Central Asian and Eastern Asian. The vertical distribution patterns of the 4 types are different from each other. The floristic equilibrium point between the tropical elements and the temperate ones is roughly locat ed at the altitude of 650 m. 3) The clustering analysis of the floristic composition and the species number of the genera showed that the vertical distribution pattern of floristic elements and species number of the genera corresponds with that of the mountain climate and vertical vegetation spectrum.

When studying aerial algae on the surface of carbonate rock in the Stone Forest, Shilin County, Yunnan Province, a new species in Nephrococcus and three new varieties in Asterocapsa of Chroococcaceae were found. Nephrococcus shilinensis Tian is the second species found in this genusup to now.