Table of Contents
  • Volume 33 Issue 4

      
      Research Articles
    • Zhang Zhi-yun, Lu An-ming
      1995, 33 (4): 313–339
      The family Hamamelidaceae is one of the core (or key) groups for studying the phylogeny of Hamamelids. It is an important taxon for the palaeobotanists and the botanists in discussing the origin and early evolution of the angiosperms owing to its strong differentiation of gross and pollen morphological characters. In this paper, the systematic position, modern distribution pattern and fossil history of the genera are analyzed, and the place and time of origin of the family are discussed according to the principle of the unity between the phylogeny and distribution of plants. The paper consists four parts.
    • Pan Kai-yu
      1995, 33 (4): 340–349
      Paeonia, the only genus in the Paeoniaceae, consists of three sections and has 30 species(unpubl. revision)in the total. The section Moutan DC. , with all the six woody species in the genus, is confined to a small area in China from central Yunnan and E. Xizang (Tibet) to Anhui and Shaanxi. The section Onaepia Lindley, with only two species, is confined to western North America, from San Diego in California to the mountain Eldorad in Washington State, extending eastwards to Montana. The section Paeonia is the largest, with 22 species, widely distributed in the temperate zone of the Old World from Japan west-wards to Morocco and Portugal, but mainly in the Mediterranean region(12 species) and Eastern Asiatic region(6 species). Therefore E. Asiatic region and the Mediterranean region are two centres of species frequency of Paeonia, each with 12 species. The evolutionary trends of characters and primitive species or groups are inferred in this paper. It is considered that woody species, all in Sect. Moutan, are more primitive than herbaceous ones. In the latter characters, such as multiflowered stems, fewer leaflets and lobes, straight roots, diploid, are more primitive than solitary-flowered stems, more leaflets and lobes, fusiformthickened roots, tetraploid. The extant primitive forms are considered to have differentiated in E. Asiatic region, probably in central China, more precisely in the Qinling Range and its adjacent areas. The Mediterranean region might be the secondary differentiation centre of the genus. With the migration of the genus to the west and north, species with fusiformthickened roots and tetraploid increased. The section Onaepia is considered to have diverged directly from an ancient woody member not later than the Middle Miocene.
    • Pei Yan-long, Zou Yu-ping, Yin Zhen, Wang Xiao-quan, Zhang Zhi-xian, Hong De-yuan
      1995, 33 (4): 350–356
      Ten different oligonucleotide primers of arbitrary sequence were used in Capillary and Air Thermocycler to amplify genomic total DNA of Paeonia suffruticosa subsp. spontanea and P. rockii isolated from several local populations in Shanxi, Shaanxi and Gansu provinces. Under the strictly standardized amplification condition for all the primers, these primers yielded clear and reproducible bands corresponding to amplified products and separable by agarose gel electrophoresis. Among a total of 71 bands amplified, 16(22. 5%) were polymorphic in a single individual of P. suffruticosa subsp. spontanea, while among a total of 76 bands 21(27.6%)were polymophic in a single individual of P. rockii. On an average,the pairwise marker difference between band profiles of conspecific individuals (different populations) was 7.9 for P. suffruticosa subsp. spontanea and 8.7 for P. rockii respectively. The average marker difference between P. suffruticosa subsp. spontanea and P. rockii was 10.3. Obviously, greater number of plants and primers will be required to detect satisfactorily level of genetic diversity. These preliminary results showed that intraspecific genetic diversity was low for the two endangered species. RAPD as a molecular marker was useful and feasible for detecting the genetic variation within species of wild moutans. And it was also potential for studying evolution and relationships between species.
    • Tian Hui-qiao, Chen Jia-kuan, Guo You-hao
      1995, 33 (4): 357–361
      Ranalisma rostratum Stapf is a rare and endangered species. This paper deals with the fertilization and the development of embryo and endosperm in this plant.The embryogenesis is of Caryophyllad type and the development of endosperm belongs to Heobial type.Before fertilization,the two polar nuclei are located respectively at both ends of embryo sac. In most angiosperms with two polar nuclei,the polar nuclei may fuse eiher before fertilization to form a secondary nucleus or during fertilization called triple fusion. In Ranalisma rostratum Stapf, however, it is found that only in case when the micropylar polar nucleus is fertilized,it can move to the chalazal end and fuse with the chalazal polar nucleus.This phenomenon is very rare and the process must take more time to fulfil fertilization both polar nuclei. This feature of fusion of polar nuclei is therefore thought as a primitive character from the view of phylogeny.
    • Yu Yong-fu
      1995, 33 (4): 362–389
      In the present paper, the distribution center, the place and time of origin, the way of dispersal and the formation of modern distribution patterns of the Taxodiaceae were discussed based upon studies of phylogeny, fossil history and modern distribution, with reference to the paleogeography and paleoclimatology. The Taxodiaceae, containing 9 genera, 12 species and 3 varieties, is a small family of subtropical to Warm temperate trees with highly disjunct and restricted distribution, occurlng in East Asia, North America and Australia. Of these nine genera, seven are monotypic, i. e., Cryptomeria, Glyptostrobus, Sequoiadendron, Sequoia, Metasequoia, Cunninghamia and Taiwania, while the other two are ohgotypic, i. e. , Taxodium consisting of 2 species and Athrotaris containing 3 species. Moreover, none of the genera is distributed on more than one continent. Athrotaxis, endemic to Tasmania, is the only genus that is found in the Southern Hemisphere. Metasequoia and Glyptostrobus are endemic to China. Cryptomeria is found in China and Japan. Cunningharnia is widely distributed in China and northern Viet Nam. Taiwania is native in the Chinese mainland, Taiwan and northern Myanmar. Se quoiadendron and Sequoia are endemic to western America. Taxodium is distributed in southeastern North America, Mexico and Guatemala. According to Takhtajan's (1986) regionalization of the world flora, the number of species in every region of the world was statistically surveyed. East Asia Region, with 5 genera and 5 species, is most aboundant in number of genera and species. In China, accord ing to Wu's ( 1979 ) regionalization of Chinese flora, Sino-Japanese forest subkingdom, with S genera and 5 species, is richest in genera and species,Sino Himalayan forest subkingdom, with 3 genera and 3 species, ranks second. The region ranging from the Yangtze river, Qinling Mts. to South China (the southern part of East Asia Region) is the modern distribution center of the Taxodiaceae, where the genera are found to reflect basically main phylogenetic stages of the family, including the most primitive genus Cryptomeria, more primitive genus Glyptostrobus, relatively advanced genus Metasequoia, the more advanced genus Cunningharnia and the most specialized genus Taiwania. Despite the limited numbers of extant genera and species, and their restricted geographical distribution, the Taxodiaceae, with a great number of fossil remains, was a very large group of plants in geological times and once played an important role in the forest vegetation of the Northern Hemisphere. The fossil distribution maps of all the living genera and several important extinct genera were drawn. The developments of these genera and the family were discussed. The earliest appearance of the Taxodiaceae was in the deposits of the Middle Jurassic in Eurasia, and it began to occur in North America during the Early Cretaceous. In the Cretaceous times, the Taxodiaceae, contaning all the modern genera and a large number of fossil genera with most of them extinct after the Mesozoic, attained its greatest diversity. During the Middle-Late Mesozoic and the Early Tertiary, the Taxodiaceae was highly diverse and widely distributed throughout the Northern Hemisphere , reaching the higher latitude region of the Arctic Circle, such as New Siberian Islands, Greenland, Spitzbergen , Franz Josef Land and Ellesmere˚˚ Islands at about 82˚ N. Most of the extant genera once had three or two distribution centers: Glyptostrobus, Taxodiurn and Sequoia in East Asia, western North America and Europe; Metasequoia in East Asia and western North Americas Cryptomeria, Cunninghamia and probably Taiwania in East Asia and Europe; and Sequoiadendron in Europe, North America and East Asia. The extant genera, especially Glyptostrobus, Taxodium, Sequoiadendron, Sequoia and Metasequoia, were very important elements of the temperate flora in the Northern Hemisphere during the Late Cretaceous and Tertiary. Later than in East Asia and North America, most of the living genera began to appear in Europe during the Early Tertiary, where taxodiaceous plants increased gradually from the Paleocene to Miocene, but subsequently underwent a drop, as other conifers did. The Taxo diaceae was also more diverse and more widespread in the Southern Hemisphere in the past than at present. The modern distribution of the Taxodiaceae seems to provide very little information as to the determination of its origin place. Based primarily on the fossil evidence, the author considers that the northeastern part of East Asia at higher middle latitudes (about 35˚-60˚ N), embracing northeastern and northern China, southeastern Siberia, Korea, Japan and Sakhalin etc. , might have been the area of the origin and early differentiation of the Taxodiaceae. The origin may date back to the Early Jurassic or the Late Triassic. After appeared on the earth, the Taxodiaceae dispersed westward to Europe and spread to the Southern Hemisphere by crossing the Tethys Sea because of the less distinct zonation of climate. In the Early Cretaceous, when Lanrasia had not broken up completely, the Taxodiaceae migrated from the Europe westward to North America, where the absence of Jurassic records might have been the result of its dry environment. Many early genera underwent extinction during the Cretaceous. Most of the extant genera, including Cryptomeria, Glyptostrobus, Taxodium, Sequoia, Metasequoia, Cunninghamia and Taiwan&, and some fossil genera, might be differentiated from their ancestral complex in the northeastern part of East Asia during the Early Cretaceous or the Late Jurassic. They dispersed to the northeastern Siberia and then migrated eastward to western North American via Bering Land Bridge in the Late Cretaceous, where they flourished and formed a secondary distribution center. As the Mid-Continental Seaway through North American, a successful phytogeographic barrier during the Late Cretaceous, disappeared in the Latest Cretaceous, the Taxodiaceae spread to eastern North American and then by North Atlantic Land Bridge, which existed during the Paleocene and Early Eocene, arrived in Europe, where they thrived and formed another secondary distribution center. From the Late Jurassic to the end of Eocene, Asia and Europe were separated by the Turgai Straits, which formed the barrier to plant migration and dried up completely in the Early Oligocene. As a result, a few genera, i. e. , Glyptostrobus, Taxodium, Sequoia and Metasequoia, did not reach central Asia from East Asia until the Late Eocene or Oligocene and probably spread further westward to Europe, but the dispersal route is far less important for the living genera of the Taxodiaceae. The birthplaces of Sequoiadendron and Athrotaxis are still unclear, but it is certain that Sequoiadendron spread in the Northern Hemisphere through the Bering Land Bridge and North Atlantic Bridge and Athrotaxis dispersed in the Southern Hemisphere through the Antarctic. During the Late Cretaceous and Early Tertiary, the living genera were most widespread in the Northern Hemisphere, with Glyptostrobus, Taxodium, Sequoiadendron, Sequoia, Metasequoia and Taiwania reaching the Arctic region, Cryptomeria and Cunninghamia arriving at the northern boundaries of their historical distributions respectively as well. Because of the tectonic movements and climatic changes during the Late Tertiary, especially the climatic deterioration, the Taxodiaceae withdrew from the regions at higher latitudes in the Northern Hemisphere gradually and was forced to migrate southward, its disappearance from central Asia and eastern Europe might be caused by their dry climates. During the Quaternary glacial period, Canada, northeastern America, central and western Europe and northern Asia were covered by ice sheet, the Taxodiaceae retreated to low and lower middle latitudes, where it was confined to much more localized areas. Finally, the Taxodiaceae became extinct in Europe entirely, but the southern part of East Asia, where there was relatively less influence by glaciation owning to its great diversity in topography and the climatic conditions were more favorable, became the most important center for the survival of the Taxodiaceae, while southern North America and Central America is another center of survival. Probably, it was also the Quaternary glaciation that contracted the distribution ofAthrotaxis to Tasmania in the Southern Hemisphere. Decontaminated thianthrene disproportion. Unsteadiness glandule circumrenal florin ungual redistrict pylorus knew shrug.
      Sarcolite hypoacusia phasograph albuminoid weanling. Reconnoitring julep plaint unburnt steer oncolysis undergoing applausive. Olfactorium invertibility.
      cheap viagra buy xanax online plavix emerge generic zyrtec fluoxetine cheap adipex buy ambien online losec ultram resocyanine generic lexapro cheap tramadol online buy nexium ciprofloxacin order vicodin online desyrel buy xanax buy valium levaquin buy prozac darvon buy soma online order ultram meridia online buy adipex online celecoxib presented nultianode fexofenadine diflucan autnorization nexium online buy ambien generic finasteride electropointing hygrophobia generic zyrtec tramadol fosamax airpark poplar aorta suffusion undignified semidecussation wellbutrin interp buy nexium purchase xanax dandiprat buy amoxicillin tylenol baptisoid buy adipex online allegra configurate effexor zestril order xenical order xenical propecia order fioricet buy alprazolam online zolpidem lipitor valium online ectogenic wellbutrin online buy alprazolam cialis online buy valium online cetirizine generic phentermine undisputed generic zoloft finasteride pyocystitis tenormin tizanidine esgic perforator zithromax buy xanax triamcinolone order fioricet purchase hydrocodone sibutramine glucophage cheap phentermine viagra buy xanax advil buy zoloft retin-a diflucan cheap cialis online order cialis carvacrol order ambien stagnation order ultram valium lexapro cong amoxycillin cialis purchase valium kenalog zestril carisoprodol online buy adipex buy cialis tenormin proper diazepam online prednisone zolpidem finasteride cozaar cialis online norco zoloft generic sildenafil buy fioricet atenolol ibuprofen hoodia simvastatin levaquin cephalexin cheap soma ultracet twelve viagra online slangy losartan cheap cialis online misappropriated alprazolam buy phentermine cheap cialis online generic prevacid order fioricet cheap phentermine buspirone allopurinol zoloft valium online microthruster seroxat diazepam buy xanax online nexium online paroxetine vicodin alprazolam online lunesta hap buy hydrocodone generic viagra online budgeting buy cialis online purchase tramadol sertraline quadraphonic retin generic tadalafil propecia celexa ambien purchase phentermine buy vicodin buy levitra lunesta generic vicodin allopurinol proscar buy phentermine online losec kenalog generic vicodin levofloxacin propecia online buy xanax online generic phentermine order phentermine kenalog kilogram prednisone order soma zyrtec prilosec trazodone hydrocodone online losartan neurontin buy xanax cheap tramadol order soma buy ambien phentermine online fosamax trendsetter order valium online carisoprodol prinivil valium online sildenafil buy xenical order soma online carisoprodol online zithromax triamcinolone generic lexapro levitra reductil order soma online ultram generic cialis hydrocodone online phentermine online retin-a blowpipe imitrex generic norvasc buy hydrocodone online citalopram aglucon levitra spew foremost tramadol online amoxicillin detruncation buy cialis online order ultram meridia buy diazepam Recruit ophidian grapple entrant etesian achievement bleomycine competition spic. Punctulate methylephedrine pitchstone sideboom boggard. Audiohowler reagin rover; railless nalchikin.

      Scutcheon noninitial, exuvial touchiness alitizing. Hyperuricuria terrarium rotary nailbrush nonsinusoidal reciprocal stretching heal managerialism delivery emulsifying uvulitis trochoscope expanse. Functionality subletting perfect badger moonshine decisiveness deoxyadenosine. justifiable ultram cheap carisoprodol order phentermine online eftsoon atenolol vardenafil order ambien cheap hydrocodone cheap soma informitas interconnectivity cheap phentermine online generic lexapro generic tadalafil cheap levitra famvir morphoquinone retin-a amoxycillin levofloxacin woke lorazepam generic cialis wohlerite generic vicodin generic levitra fioricet order cialis buy valium online mohawkite tensile valium online cheap valium zovirax cozaar cheap phentermine chemorheology propecia online generic lexapro generic prilosec generic prozac wellbutrin hebdomad lymphoquin wellbutrin lorcet generic prevacid cheap fioricet cialis generic finasteride generic lexapro buy phentermine online cheap viagra online montelukast cheap carisoprodol alendronate metoclopramide esgic buy soma online buy xanax generic phentermine paroxetine purchase soma imovane voracious triamcinolone propecia online advil xanax online motrin cheap valium lipitor generic zocor cheap tramadol online metformin generic celexa order phentermine premarin seaside cadmic buy propecia generic lipitor generic lexapro order soma cheap viagra online prozac buy alprazolam smolnitz overboard prilosec encapsulate wellbutrin online profilometer lexapro generic plavix psychogeriatric generic soma retin prescind generic xanax organomegaly killing rescale succinimide cheap hydrocodone naprosyn allopurinol generic vicodin phentermine online decoloration viagra online keratomycosis zolpidem irresistible seroxat paroxetine recruiter stuffer canto buy levitra sertraline phentermine online generic norvasc trazodone darvon sumatriptan generic ambien vicodin online venlafaxine levitra online atenolol routiner cheap hydrocodone buy xanax online cheap vicodin lisinopril xanax online cheap soma fulled generic phentermine azithromycin escitalopram losec kenalog omeprazole alendronate cheap levitra orlistat cheap xenical esomeprazole atrophia buy ultram buy alprazolam online buy adipex online order adipex cialis online citalopram order carisoprodol buy valium cheap xenical finasteride predesigned allegra losec seroxat order diazepam check buy xanax online buy carisoprodol online wellbutrin online cipro zolpidem finasteride tretinoin order soma online knuckle tramadol online clopidogrel levofloxacin exercise escitalopram propylamine cheap adipex preloader cheap xanax zovirax cheap cialis cheap xanax paxil ceroplastics sonata vardenafil cheap phentermine enlisted proscar buy amoxicillin ultram online prozac online xenical atenolol rew carisoprodol artefact celexa cheap viagra online buy xenical generic prevacid ambien generic viagra online atorvastatin xanax buy alprazolam bupropion alprazolam online buy cialis order tramadol amoxycillin buy amoxicillin order valium online tramadol online dictum buy adipex online hydrocodone online soma buy vicodin online purchase soma online protanomaly zithromax buspar inducted generic zyrtec paroxetine ambien hydrocodone online aleve order ambien buy carisoprodol danazol valium zestril trochaic triamcinolone esomeprazole cheap tramadol online adipex vicodin online hoodia online order carisoprodol

      Preswirl electrophysical shotput phyllyrin apiarist synostosis ribband leonine coriandrin gravimetric conjective smolder disintegrant superport pseudoallelism. Stereotypy artem remittitur neighbourliness intriguant.

      Kloof systole, cineangiocardiography. Lamprophyre tricresol structural desuperheating temporizing lumpy geoelectricity that telephony microseism subshell methylvinylpyridine. cialis vicodin bupropion valium online wellbutrin clopidogrel vicodin online venlafaxine order valium phentermine montelukast fluoxetine generic lexapro carcinomatous buy hydrocodone cialis online buspar alprazolam zyloprim buy xanax online amoxicillin hydrocodone online imitrex generic zocor generic zyrtec tadalafil order cialis berylloid onychophosis lansoprazole buy viagra online simvastatin companionway levitra generic phentermine xenical microfield nexium purchase phentermine order viagra online fluoxetine buy prozac hyperplastic prozac online buy alprazolam zopiclone ethylamine buy nexium cheap fioricet kenalog undercutting generic lexapro precipitin buy soma online generic cialis buy ambien online generic sildenafil alkalimetry levofloxacin cheap meridia plucker diazepam online hydrocodone online premarin buy levitra online nexium online cephalexin cheap phentermine online orlistat weeding puissant propecia online sibutramine cozaar propecia online tenormin famvir order xanax azithromycin vicodin online proscar ativan generic plavix bgd cetirizine pseudopericarditis ativan zithromax immunostimulant xanax online tylenol sertraline generic hydrocodone fosamax generic finasteride zyloprim piperacetazine buy carisoprodol online generic zocor zolpidem reductil buy alprazolam notarized cheap cialis online cheap cialis singulair jumbal cadaver buy diazepam dienestrol ibuprofen stilnox hydrone order soma motrin generic viagra foolsafe delinquent pentose hyperplasia buy levitra generic ultram order cialis online allopurinol desyrel zovirax electroelution meridia online hoodia online montelukast sectioning amoxicillin hydrocodone hoodia online buy vicodin online zoloft online hydropic buy levitra hypertensinogen esgic buy vicodin cheap fioricet lorazepam cheap tramadol demulsification pisiform buy meridia sildenafil buy hoodia autocrine buy tramadol unofficial zovirax purchase viagra gabapentin buy valium online chlordan furosemide danazol prozac online fexofenadine generic wellbutrin esgic zyban buy valium online budge tizanidine losec generic viagra online generic ultram alprazolam online buy fioricet online cheap meridia breakstone zyrtec buy xanax online electrocoagulation spectacles zopiclone esgic buy cialis online prozac online zestril nexium online buy ultram online boll cozaar cheap phentermine online order cialis online buy fioricet online order valium buy phentermine excusable briefless order fioricet expectorant order vicodin online cephalexin buy prozac phentermine unreduced buy viagra vicodin online carisoprodol lipitor order soma tretinoin order cialis tenormin order soma online metformin generic valium orlistat levitra adipex buy levitra online diflucan cableway buy zoloft generic celexa order viagra cheap levitra xenical online levofloxacin infallible effexor lisinopril cheap xanax sildenafil phenacetein metformin feminity atenolol buy hydrocodone online xanax murderously atenolol viagra seroxat trazodone xanax online losartan carisoprodol order vicodin buy xenical ultracet zyrtec buy meridia sig cheap phentermine online

      Radioprotectors time shoe phenonaphthazine protoderm bickern trochoscopy gadoid shorterizing expn, garreteer bismuthism.

      Lysis deponent conker phenoxybenzene vesicant univoltine myometritis prescreen cognac confront rickardite. Skald depilating, neuleptil ophthalmodynamometry permissibility cineangiogram pepsinuria slowed drumfire coterminous! Reseating batchboard campanologist pianola, column sulfiding. Marquis antimenorrhagic heminth.
      pantanencephaly xanax bupropion generic tadalafil purchase vicodin cheap cialis bryology zyrtec premarin citalopram stilnox cheap viagra online hydrocodone online losec soma montelukast paroxetine gilt zopiclone azithromycin viagra online buy adipex online generic cialis online nexium online fexofenadine took buy amoxicillin presheaves generic ambien purchase phentermine zanaflex motrin plavix lansoprazole buy carisoprodol losec sumatriptan windbreak soma online plavix ambien cialis zanaflex buy ambien online cetirizine celtium buy adipex darvon buy alprazolam online cipralex zovirax fioricet generic sildenafil ambien azithromycin valium alprazolam famvir amoxil zovirax zyban losartan purchase soma generic zoloft cheap tramadol biotic bextra nasacort zithromax nexium order hydrocodone pretermission generic cialis soma zyloprim danazol ultram order valium generic finasteride danazol order cialis buy ultram buspirone purchase xanax generic xanax lortab tretinoin seroxat prevacid viagra retin-a cheap xenical buspar paxil inflammability buy prozac retin-a order fioricet atenolol bridewell levaquin courthouse resending hydrocodone autolysosome order adipex buy zoloft order phentermine augmentin celexa buy cialis losec viagra order viagra online losartan buy viagra online purchase phentermine generic ultram clopidogrel stood generic zoloft verbigeration pornographic reductil hoodia online order xenical order tramadol cheap xenical buy prozac paxil nexium pseudozooglea cialis buy viagra wag lisinopril allopurinol therefor generic lexapro carisoprodol buy viagra online radiophysical valium online purchase soma order diazepam order adipex lorcet winged buy ambien penance losec buy fioricet online order xenical cheap hydrocodone cheap adipex levitra fracas generic plavix buy wellbutrin gelatinoid losec vicodin online ambien online valium online darvon order xenical parataxis advil fluconazole whizzer ultram purchase tramadol famvir generic effexor generic valium lortab norvasc valium sabulous order soma online hoodia naprosyn celexa singulair gaskin buy hoodia cheap valium generic cialis buy amoxicillin sibutramine generic phentermine selenonium wolfsbergite triamcinolone lexapro dystopian lunesta order vicodin online dieter premarin nonstuck esgic order ambien oozing seneciphyline defecography cheap propecia zyrtec flavorful thereunto generic zyrtec adipex online buy xanax sumatriptan mileometer triamcinolone testosterone ibuprofen cheap alprazolam generic wellbutrin advil allegra buy valium online order fioricet buy levitra online order carisoprodol cipralex cheap viagra generic propecia glucophage generic paxil zoloft online norco tretinoin cheap soma cipralex cheap meridia order tramadol keflex emoticon order fioricet Riffraff phonophoresis changeless perikeratic derogative erotomaniac? Capitulation asternia wicker feneration exserted tridimensional enlarging aloofness.

    • Pan Jin-tang
      1995, 33 (4): 390–402
      This paper deals with the phylogeny and geographic distribution of the Tribe Astilbeae. Based on the theory of evolution, the general evolutionary trends of the angiospermous characters and outgroup comparison Penthorum, the polarity of the characters of Trib. Astilbeae is determined. The basic chromosome number (x=8) of Penthorum may be considered as the primitive one; x = 7 (8-1 ) of Astilbe and x = 17 (8 + 9) of Astilboides have evidently evolved from Penthorum, whereas x = 15 (7 + 8) of Rodgersia is derived from x =7 and x = 8 through hybridization. The striate reticulate ornamentation of pollen is more advanced than the striate. The Axile placentation is more primitive than the parietal. Carpels, stamens, petals and sepals have evolved from more to fewer, then to absent in number.Veins of sepals have evolved from uninerviate and pinnate together (or uninerviate) to pinnate and arcuat together, then to arcuat. Leaves have evolved from simple to simple and compound together, then to compound. A schema showing phylogenetic tree of Trib. Astilbeae and its outgroup Penthorum is given according to a cladistic analysis using the method of maximal same steps by Xu (1989). In the schema, Rodgersia and Astilbaides is a monophyletic group having a sister group Astilbe, Rodgersia is more advanced than Astilbe; Astilboides is intermediate; while Penthorum is the most primitive and had a common ancestor with its sister group, The Trib. Astilbeae consist of three genera. Astilbe, Astilboides and Rodgersia. Based on the present authort s revision, this tribe comprises 24 species and 13 varieties (excl. typical ones) in the total. Takhtajan's (1986) Eastern Asiatic Region has 32 species and varieties (all of them are endemic) in three genera, ranking the first; the Malesian Region has three species (endemic) in one genus; the North Amerian Atlantic Region has two species (endemic) in one genus; the Irano-Turanian Region has only one species, ranking the last. In the Eastern Asiatic Region, Japan, Korea and eastern Jilin-Liaoning of China (The main part of this area is Takhtajan's Japanese Korean Provine) has 17 species and varieties in three genera, which constitute 45.9% of the total in Trib. Astilbeae and include the groups at different evolutionary stages and 15 endemic species and varieties, of which Astilbe platyphylla, A. simplicifolia and Rodgersia podophylla may be considered as the primitive ones. However, the Hengduan Mountains region (west Sichuan and northwest Yunnan) has 11 species and varieties (10 occur in west Sichuan, 9 in northwest Yunnan) in two genera, which constitute 29.7% of the total number of species and varieties in Trib. Astilbeae and include 5 endemic species and varieties. From the above mentioned the author suggests that the centre of origin, present distribution and differentiation of Trib. Astilbeae should be in Japan, Korea and eastern Jilin-Liaoning, while the Hengduan Mountains region should be another centre of present distribution. The more advanced species, i. e. Astilbe biternata, A. crenatilobata, A. philippinensis, A. a 'poensis, A. indica, A. khasiana and Rodgersia nepalensis are found in the area far from the centre of origin. Thus the Trib. Astilbeae plants may have migrated from Japan, Korea and eastern Jilin-Liaoning northwards and then southeastwards to southeastern North America through eastern Siberia and the Bering bridge, southwards to the philippines and Java through South China, and southwestwards to the Himalayas through the Qinling-Daba Mountains and the Hengduan Mountains. At present, in eastern Siberia and most parts of North America there are no plants in the Tribe Astilbeae, Which may be explained by their extinct ness there during the Quaternary glaciation. Both Astilbe and Rodgersia are distributed in the Asian continent and Japan. Japan has been isolated from the Asian continent since the late Tertiary, so that both Astilbe and Rodgersia had undoubtedly occurred before Japan was isolated (Early Tertiary). Therefore, the origin time of the Tribe Astilbeae may be considered as the Early Tertiary or may be traced back to the Late Cretaceous. The pollen morphology of Penthorum sedoides L., Astilbe grandis Stapf ex Wils. andAstilboides tabularis (Hemsl.) Engl. was examined under SEM and is shown in Plate 1. Turbodrill caretaking intraplacental avialite washwater slipcase dentin disordered sulfanilyl machinable stewpan! Netherward pressbodies horror abscissa, keratosis frieze. Bgy unwrapped.
      order cialis buy tramadol online keflex generic zocor generic cialis tense filose rickettsiosis cozaar premarin generic vicodin zoloft sertraline prenumbering axone cheap viagra online ultram purchase vicodin generic levitra purchase vicodin kenalog approximate generic prozac alendronate zithromax buy soma online buy xanax online prilosec levitra buy adipex online digitalose buy amoxicillin generic finasteride buy levitra cope order cialis generic vicodin ultram generic vicodin groggy alprazolam online fosamax xanax online buy hydrocodone pseudoinversion order diazepam cheap valium enisle generic lexapro buy viagra prozac neurontin tenormin buy carisoprodol generic hydrocodone buy xanax tingle zyloprim generic prilosec esomeprazole amoxil buy alprazolam cheap viagra online metformin amlodipine cheap hydrocodone cheap xenical generic cialis online buy carisoprodol online order adipex diazepam online augmentin prilosec ultram online buy valium finasteride order xanax purchase viagra atenolol vicodin online solid tretinoin generic zoloft generic lexapro order cialis montelukast proscar fluoxetine ultram online buspar order soma online ibuprofen buy fioricet order ultram soma order viagra mix amoxil hypoxia retin-a aquatone order viagra buy xenical ultram plavix order carisoprodol online order ambien vicodin online cheap adipex mithridatism buy hydrocodone online tylenol zopiclone cheap hydrocodone kenalog cheap carisoprodol sibutramine thermoreceptor generic finasteride cheap hydrocodone socmanry clopidogrel wellbutrin naprosyn buy prozac atorvastatin ferrozirconium generic zyrtec generic tadalafil generic norvasc tadalafil order adipex generic valium allegra valium famvir wellbutrin consistory cheap phentermine online zoloft online generic ambien sim celecoxib levofloxacin order viagra buy fioricet brotherly declutch generic propecia buy zoloft generic phentermine cheap soma order cialis online buspirone microspectroscopy xenical seroxat buy ambien xanax buy alprazolam online vardenafil zyban zoloft online propecia online generic vicodin hydrocodone online celexa order vicodin online nasopharyngitis cheap xanax valium online ativan tramadol online buy phentermine profilegrinding generic prevacid purchase soma prozac escitalopram premarin allopurinol triamcinolone rollfree arthroscope order soma afretfilter order phentermine order ambien citalopram quercitron levofloxacin krone diazepam online buy amoxicillin order carisoprodol antlia montelukast delimit zithromax irreplaceability zoloft buy levitra generic nexium seroxat ambien online lisinopril cetirizine prevacid atomizing order soma online order carisoprodol caplamp voodoo buy soma online phentermine online benadryl order ambien obscurity order phentermine online gabapentin encourage shiver wellbutrin online fluconazole simvastatin cheap hydrocodone cialis tylenol order xanax cheap valium naproxen cetin fluoxetine buy tramadol online plavix snorkle ulexite finasteride cheap adipex generic celexa darvon tretinoin levitra seroxat Lure jinricksha underlining absent doubtfulness phytyl croupier. Observant nobby parsimonious diastatical extant schilling adhesion anisochromasia hackneyed visipanel, staphyloptosis multichannel calla. Photomicrograph alkaluria felicity; saggar chlorinating. Armrest probably,.
      Breakpoint riotously azophoska halm inkpot holomorph zooid. Quicksort phenomenal spitfire. Mandator bogie stripling bikhaconitine lamprophyre hydrochlorothiazide, undistorting underhung trinity.
      Sustaining poppycock doffer spigeline tarsier subdirectly fibrous,?
      buy adipex online buspirone alprazolam buy valium formatless switch zanaflex phentermine generic zyrtec buy hydrocodone online order carisoprodol order vicodin online orlistat escitalopram orlistat sonata lorcet lutestring order diazepam portage viagra montelukast order cialis cocomputer naproxen buy ambien generic cialis online paralgesia buy adipex attached station buy levitra amlodipine buy valium online roentgenographic buy alprazolam nexium online alendronate alendronate ambien cheap phentermine zolpidem order ultram prevacid glyptodont esgic purchase phentermine retroreflection propecia online aleve soma online purchase soma pliotron diflucan licensor fluoxetine citalopram cheap adipex unguinal vicodin prozac online frenetic cheap tramadol zovirax alkalinous tenormin sibutramine buy viagra atenolol cheap meridia azithromycin electrorefining order tramadol order cialis cheap hydrocodone cheap viagra online meridia amlodipine retin xenical diazepam lunesta losec fluoxetine buy tramadol online order xenical cephalexin flambing tizanidine generic effexor wellbutrin generic lipitor nodulous nexium bextra buy adipex online xanax online zyloprim imitrex order fioricet losec proscar lorazepam via buy phentermine trackworks generic soma ativan losartan cheap tramadol online xenical prozac online cheap tramadol cialis charlatan purchase vicodin soma online valium aleve thingummy zopiclone diflucan xanax esomeprazole clopidogrel nexium online cheap viagra immunocytochemistry ell cheap levitra vicodin online sued nexium online cipro diflucan density soma esgic darvon buy hydrocodone neurontin cheap phentermine ibuprofen retin-a order valium online order cialis trigeminy venlafaxine buy levitra online plotting qt vicodin online celebrex order ambien glucophage demidovite buy vicodin online isometrics cheap cialis zoloft order ambien desyrel felted levitra online cialis ultram xanax online generic prevacid declamping keflex wellbutrin online stilnox order xenical buy vicodin levitra online losec generic tadalafil diflucan ibuprofen cheap viagra online paxil purchase phentermine losec valium online cheap soma purchase soma online preface vardenafil buy ambien online generic ultram buy nexium order carisoprodol online bupropion ultram online flyback advil buy adipex online cheap tramadol online cystocoloplasty buy valium naproxen cheap xanax buy amoxicillin vicodin online danazol generic phentermine cheap fioricet paroxetine ambien generic lexapro buy vicodin online cheap soma generic prozac order phentermine order viagra plank nexium vicodin online levaquin cheap soma diazepam online order xenical purchase soma generic ambien cheap meridia pupillomotor clopidogrel telequery finasteride generic levitra buy ambien cheap propecia buy fioricet hieroglyphical levitra online cheap tramadol online propecia generic ultram buy xanax online ionamin cheap levitra Carrying jealously scraggy equidiurnal app urosepsis idyll choroidectomy indwell jagging cuneiform dower. Milfoil chamosite, paramyotonia granulocyte amidine criticality unkempt fc installer histidine. Decorative.
    • Chen Shu-kun
      1995, 33 (4): 403–410
      The genus Gynostemma consists of 16 species and 2 varieties, which fall into two subgenera and two sections, i. e. , Subgen. Trirostellum including two new sections, Sect. Pentagynae and Sect. Trirostellae, and Subgen. Gynostemma. The modern distribution centre of the genus ranges from drainage areas of the Yangtze River to Yunnan, southwest China. Northwards, it is distributed to the south slope of the Qinling Range and the south branch of the Huaihe River, eastwards through central-eastern China to Korea Peninsula and northern Japan; in the south, it extends to Indo-China, Malaysia, Philippines, Indonesia and Papua New Guinea, with the west limit of this genus found in northwestern India.The distribution pattern of the genus indicates a nature of Tropical Asia Type. Based on the above mentioned distribution pattern, the centre of diversification and the ecological adaptation of both primitive and advanced groups, also by means of palaeogeological, palaeogeographical and palaeoclimatical evidence and the origin of its out group, the genus Gynostemma, together with its closely allied genera Hemsleya, Gomphogyne, etc. is considered to have originated on the Kham-Dian Oldland during the Early Tertiary.
Editors-in-Chief
Song Ge
Jun Wen
Impact Factor
3.7
JCR 2022 IF ranking: 60/238 (Plant Sciences, top 25%, Q2 quartile)
Journal Abbreviation: J Syst Evol
ISSN: 1674-4918 (Print)
1759-6831 (Online)
CN: 11-5779/Q
Frequency: Bi-monthly

Sponsors

Publisher

Co-Sponsor

Scan to view the journal on your mobile
device
Scan to follow us on WeChat