Neo- and Paleopolyploidy contribute to the species diversity of Asplenium—the most species-rich genus of ferns

doi:10.1111/jse.12271

J Syst Evol ›› 2017, Vol. 55 ›› Issue (4): 353-364.DOI: 10.1111/jse.12271

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Neo- and Paleopolyploidy contribute to the species diversity of Asplenium—the most species-rich genus of ferns

Harald Schneider^1,2*, Hong-Mei Liu¹, Yan-Fen Chang¹, Daniel Ohlsen³, Leon R. Perrie⁴, Lara Shepherd⁴, Michael Kessler⁵, Dirk Karger^5,6, Sabine Hennequin⁷, Jeannine Marquardt², Stephen Russell², Stephen Ansell², Ngan Thi Lu⁸, Peris Kamau⁹, Josmaily Lóriga Pineiro¹⁰, Ledis Regalado^10,11, Jochen Heinrichs¹⁰, Atsushi Ebihara¹², Alan R. Smith¹³, and Mary Gibby¹⁴

¹Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mengla, Yunnan 666303, China
²Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, London SW7 5BD, UK
³School of Botany, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
⁴Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa, Wellington 6140, New Zealand
⁵Institute of Systematic Botany, University of Zurich, 8008 Zurich, Switzerland
⁶Dynamic Macroecology Group, Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL, 8903 Birmsersdorf, Switzerland
⁷Institute de Systematique, Evolution, Biodiversite, Universite Pierre et Marie Curie, 75005 Paris, France
⁸Department of Botany, Vietnam National Museum of Nature, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, Ha Noi, Vietnam
⁹Botany Department, National Museums of Kenya, Nairobi, Kenya
¹⁰University of Munich (LMU), Department of Biology I, Systematic Botany and Mycology, Geobio-Center, 80638 Munich, Germany ¹¹Instituto de Ecologia y Sistematica, Carretera de Varona 11835 e/ Oriente y Lindero, Calabazar, Boyeros, La Habana, Cuba ¹²Department of Botany, National Museum of Nature and Science, Tsukuba 305-0005, Japan ¹³University Herbarium, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA ¹⁴Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH3 5LR, UK

Received:2017-05-20 Published:2017-07-24

Abstract

Abstract: Polyploidy is widely considered as a major process in the evolution of plants but the accumulation of polyploid species diversity is still controversial. Some recent studies proposed increased extinction risk in neopolyploids compared with their diploid ancestors. The high proportion of polyploid ferns is expected to be formed mainly by neopolyploids, whereas paleopolyploid species are predicted to be clustered in clades founded by whole genome duplications. Here, we test this prediction by exploring the evolution of polyploidy in the derived fern family Aspleniaceae. The family has a global distribution and shows the highest frequency of polyploid taxa among all ferns. To test the hypothesis, we obtained a comprehensive phylogeny using chloroplast DNA sequences of 883 specimens representing 292 species. All published chromosome counts were mapped onto this phylogenetic framework in order to explore the evolution of polyploids. We recovered evidence for several whole genome duplications in the history of Aspleniaceae. Phylogenetic relationships of polyploids exceeding the tetraploid level suggest that tetraploid Asplenium species may have replaced their diploid ancestors as the main evolutionary players in some clades of this family.

Key words: chromosome number, diversification, extinction risk, genome evolution, macroevolution, neopolyploidy, paleopolyploidy

Harald Schneider, Hong-Mei Liu, Yan-Fen Chang, Daniel Ohlsen, Leon R. Perrie, Lara Shepherd, Michael Kessler, Dirk Karger, Sabine Hennequin, Jeannine Marquardt, Stephen Russell, Stephen Ansell, Ngan Thi Lu, Peris Kamau, Josmaily Lóriga Pineiro, Ledis Regalado, Jochen Heinrichs, Atsushi Ebihara, Alan R. Smith, Mary Gibby. Neo- and Paleopolyploidy contribute to the species diversity of Asplenium—the most species-rich genus of ferns[J]. J Syst Evol, 2017, 55(4): 353-364.

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Neo- and Paleopolyploidy contribute to the species diversity of Asplenium—the most species-rich genus of ferns

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